RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Adhering to a diet adequate in macronutrients is crucial for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of adherence to recommendations for the consumption of dietary fatty acids for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and to estimate whether the presence of certain cardiovascular risk factors would be associated with adherence. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using baseline data from 2,358 participants included in the "Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional Program Trial". Dietary intake and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed. Adequate intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was considered as ≥10% of total daily energy intake; for monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), 20%; and for saturated fatty acids (SFA), <7% according to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. A significance level of 5% was considered in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: No participant adhered to all recommendations simultaneously, and more than half (1,482 [62.9%]) did not adhere to any recommendation. Adherence exclusively to the SFA recommendation was the most prevalent, fulfilled by 659 (28%) participants, followed by adherence exclusively to the PUFA (178 [7.6%]) and MUFA (5 [0.2%]) recommendations. There was no association between the number of comorbidities and adherence to nutritional recommendations (p = 0.269). Participants from the Brazilian Northeast region showed a higher proportion of adherence to SFA consumption recommendations (38.42%) and lower adherence to PUFA intake (3.52%) (p <0.001) compared to other regions. CONCLUSIONS: Among the evaluated sample, there was low adherence to nutritional recommendations for dietary fatty acid consumption.
FUNDAMENTO: A adesão à uma alimentação adequada em macronutrientes é fundamental para a prevenção secundária de doenças cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de adesão às recomendações de consumo de ácidos graxos para prevenção e tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares, e estimar se a presença de determinados fatores de risco cardiovascular estaria associada à adesão. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com os dados de linha de base de 2358 participantes do estudo "Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional Program Trial". Dados de consumo alimentar, e fatores de risco cardiovascular foram avaliados. Foi considerada, de acordo com a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, uma ingestão adequada de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (AGPI) ≥10% do consumo total de energia diária, para ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (AGM), 20% e para ácidos graxos saturados (AGS), <7%. Na análise estatística foi considerando nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Nenhum participante aderiu a todas as recomendações de forma simultânea e mais da metade (1482 [62,9%]) não aderiu a nenhuma recomendação. A adesão exclusivamente à recomendação de AGS foi a mais prevalente, sendo cumprida por 659 (28%) dos participantes, seguida da adesão exclusivamente à recomendação de AGP (178 [7,6%]) e de AGM (5 [0,2%]). Não houve associação entre o número de comorbidades e a adesão às recomendações nutricionais (p =0,269). Os participantes da região Nordeste do país apresentaram maior proporção de adesão às recomendações para consumo de AGS (38,42%), e menor para ingestão de AGPI (3,52%) (p <0,001) em comparação às demais. CONCLUSÕES: Na amostra avaliada, evidenciou-se baixa adesão às recomendações nutricionais para consumo de ácidos graxos.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Ácidos Graxos , Humanos , Gorduras na Dieta , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Prevenção Secundária , Estudos Transversais , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados , Ácidos Graxos MonoinsaturadosRESUMO
FUNDAMENTO: A adesão à uma alimentação adequada em macronutrientes é fundamental para a prevenção secundária de doenças cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de adesão às recomendações de consumo de ácidos graxos para prevenção e tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares, e estimar se a presença de determinados fatores de risco cardiovascular estaria associada à adesão. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com os dados de linha de base de 2358 participantes do estudo "Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional Program Trial". Dados de consumo alimentar, e fatores de risco cardiovascular foram avaliados. Foi considerada, de acordo com a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, uma ingestão adequada de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (AGPI) ≥10% do consumo total de energia diária, para ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (AGM), 20% e para ácidos graxos saturados (AGS), <7%. Na análise estatística foi considerando nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Nenhum participante aderiu a todas as recomendações de forma simultânea e mais da metade (1482 [62,9%]) não aderiu a nenhuma recomendação. A adesão exclusivamente à recomendação de AGS foi a mais prevalente, sendo cumprida por 659 (28%) dos participantes, seguida da adesão exclusivamente à recomendação de AGP (178 [7,6%]) e de AGM (5 [0,2%]). Não houve associação entre o número de comorbidades e a adesão às recomendações nutricionais (p =0,269). Os participantes da região Nordeste do país apresentaram maior proporção de adesão às recomendações para consumo de AGS (38,42%), e menor para ingestão de AGPI (3,52%) (p <0,001) em comparação às demais. CONCLUSÕES: Na amostra avaliada, evidenciou-se baixa adesão às recomendações nutricionais para consumo de ácidos graxos.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: To evaluate the effect of the Brazilian Cardioprotective Diet Program (BALANCE Program) on inflammatory biomarkers, involved in the pathophysiology of the atherosclerosis, on inflammatory biomarkers, cardiovascular risk factors, and on plasma fatty acids in cardiovascular disease secondary prevention patients. METHODS: In this substudy of the BALANCE Program randomized clinical trial, a total of 369 patients aged 45 years or older, who have experienced cardiovascular disease in the previous 10 years, were included. These patients were randomized into two groups and followed up for six months: BALANCE Program group and control group (conventional nutrition advice). In the initial and six-month final visits, anthropometry (body weight, height and waist circumference), food intake evaluation by 24-h dietary recall, plasma inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α, adiponectin, and C-reactive protein levels), blood pressure, glycemia, insulinemia, lipid profile, and plasma fatty acids levels were evaluated. RESULTS: The BALANCE Program group showed increased plasma alpha-linolenic acid levels (P = 0.008), reduction in waist circumference (P = 0.049) and BMI (P = 0.032). No difference was observed among plasma inflammatory biomarkers and clinical data. CONCLUSION: After six months of follow-up, BALANCE Program led to a significant reduction on BMI and waist circumference in individuals in secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease. Although plasmatic alpha-linolenic acid has increased, there was no impact on plasma inflammatory biomarkers. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01620398.
Assuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana/dietoterapia , Adiponectina/sangue , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Brasil , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/metabolismo , Dieta Mediterrânea , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Estado Nutricional , Prevenção Secundária , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Background Complex percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with higher ischemic risk, which can be mitigated by long-term dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). However, concomitant high bleeding risk (HBR) may be present, making it unclear whether short- or long-term DAPT should be prioritized. Objectives This study investigated the effects of ischemic (by PCI complexity) and bleeding (by PRECISE-DAPT [PRE dicting bleeding Complications in patients undergoing stent Implantation and Sub sequent Dual Anti Platelet Therapy] score) risks on clinical outcomes and on the impact of DAPT duration after coronary stenting. Methods Complex PCI was defined as ≥3 stents implanted and/or ≥3 lesions treated, bifurcation stenting and/or stent length >60 mm, and/or chronic total occlusion revascularization. Ischemic and bleeding outcomes in high (≥25) or non-high (<25) PRECISE-DAPT strata were evaluated based on randomly allocated duration of DAPT. Results Among 14,963 patients from 8 randomized trials, 3,118 underwent complex PCI and experienced a higher rate of ischemic, but not bleeding, events. Long-term DAPT in non-HBR patients reduced ischemic events in both complex (absolute risk difference: −3.86%; 95% confidence interval: −7.71 to +0.06) and noncomplex PCI strata (absolute risk difference: −1.14%; 95% confidence interval: −2.26 to −0.02), but not among HBR patients, regardless of complex PCI features. The bleeding risk according to the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction scale was increased by long-term DAPT only in HBR patients, regardless of PCI complexity. Conclusions Patients who underwent complex PCI had a higher risk of ischemic events, but benefitted from long-term DAPT only if HBR features were not present. These data suggested that when concordant, bleeding, more than ischemic risk, should inform decision-making on the duration of DAPT. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Avaliação Nutricional , Alimentos, Dieta e NutriçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Appropriate dietary recommendations represent a key part of secondary prevention in cardiovascular disease (CVD). We evaluated the effectiveness of the implementation of a nutritional program on quality of diet, cardiovascular events, and death in patients with established CVD. METHODS: In this open-label, multicenter trial conducted in 35 sites in Brazil, we randomly assigned (1:1) patients aged 45 years or older to receive either the BALANCE Program (experimental group) or conventional nutrition advice (control group). The BALANCE Program included a unique nutritional education strategy to implement recommendations from guidelines, adapted to the use of affordable and regional foods. Adherence to diet was evaluated by the modified Alternative Healthy Eating Index. The primary end point was a composite of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, stroke, myocardial revascularization, amputation, or hospitalization for unstable angina. Secondary end points included biochemical and anthropometric data, and blood pressure levels. RESULTS: From March 5, 2013, to Abril 7, 2015, a total of 2534 eligible patients were randomly assigned to either the BALANCE Program group (nâ¯=â¯1,266) or the control group (nâ¯=â¯1,268) and were followed up for a median of 3.5 years. In total, 235 (9.3%) participants had been lost to follow-up. After 3 years of follow-up, mean modified Alternative Healthy Eating Index (scale 0-70) was only slightly higher in the BALANCE group versus the control group (26.2⯱â¯8.4 vs 24.7⯱â¯8.6, Pâ¯<â¯.01), mainly due to a 0.5-serving/d greater intake of fruits and of vegetables in the BALANCE group. Primary end point events occurred in 236 participants (18.8%) in the BALANCE group and in 207 participants (16.4%) in the control group (hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% CI 0.95-1.38; Pâ¯=â¯.15). Secondary end points did not differ between groups after follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The BALANCE Program only slightly improved adherence to a healthy diet in patients with established CVD and had no significant effect on the incidence of cardiovascular events or death.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Dieta/normas , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/normas , Avaliação Nutricional , Estado Nutricional , Desenvolvimento de Programas/métodos , Prevenção Secundária/métodos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Causas de Morte/tendências , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Taxa de Sobrevida/tendênciasRESUMO
CONTEXT: Recent evidence suggests that modulation of the gut microbiota may contribute to body weight control. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aimed to assess the effects of oral supplementation with probiotics or synbiotics on body weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference in overweight and obese adults (BMI ≥â 25 kg/m2). DATA SOURCES: Five electronic databases-PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library/CENTRAL, LILACS, and Web of Science-were searched from inception to August 2017. No language restrictions were applied. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized and quasi-randomized parallel trials that assessed the effects of oral supplementation with probiotics or synbiotics vs any other intervention but bariatric surgery or fecal transplantation in overweight or obese adults were selected. DATA EXTRACTION: Three teams of 2 authors independently assessed risk of bias and extracted data from the included trials. Data were pooled using inverse-variance random-effects meta-analyses. The quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system. RESULTS: Nineteen randomized trials (28 publications, 1412 participants) were included. There were no differences in mean body weight change [mean difference (MD), -0.54 kg; 95%CI, -1.09 to 0.01; I2 = 0%; moderate quality of evidence) or mean BMI change (MD, -0.19 kg/m2; 95%CI, -0.43 to 0.04; I2 = 51%; low quality of evidence) between groups who received probiotics or synbiotics and control groups. Oral supplementation with probiotics or synbiotics reduced mean waist circumference compared with control (MD, -0.82 cm; 95%CI, -1.43 to -0.21; I2 = 46%; low quality of evidence). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that oral supplementation with probiotics or synbiotics has a small effect to reduce waist circumference but no effect on body weight or BMI, although the quality of evidence is low to moderate. Therefore, the current evidence is not definitive. Large-scale trials are needed and may help to better inform clinical practice. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration number CRD42018075126.
Assuntos
Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Sobrepeso/tratamento farmacológico , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Simbióticos/administração & dosagem , Administração Oral , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Probióticos/farmacologia , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Circunferência da Cintura , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Bariatric surgery is an effective strategy for blood pressure (BP) reduction, but most of the evidence relies on office BP measurements. In this study, we evaluated the impact of bariatric surgery on 24-hour BP profile, BP variability, and resistant hypertension prevalence. This is a randomized trial including obese patients with grade 1 and 2 using at least 2 antihypertensive drugs at maximal doses or >2 at moderate doses. Patients were allocated to either Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) combined with medical therapy or medical therapy alone for 12 months. The primary outcome was the 24-hour BP profile and variability (average real variability of daytime and night time BP). We evaluated the nondipping status and prevalence of resistant hypertension as secondary end points. We included 100 patients (76% female, body mass index, 36.9±2.7 kg/m2). The 24-hour BP profile (including nondipping status) was similar after 12 months, but the RYGB group required less antihypertensive classes as compared to the medical therapy alone (0 [01] versus 3 [2.54] classes; P<0.01). The average real variability of systolic nighttime BP was lower after RYGB as compared to medical therapy (between-group difference, −1.63; 95% CI, −2.91 to −0.36; P=0.01). Prevalence of resistant hypertension was similar at baseline (RYGB, 10% versus MT, 16%; P=0.38), but it was significantly lower in the RYGB at 12 months (0% versus 14.9%; P<0.001). In conclusion, RYGB significantly reduced antihypertensive medications while promoting similar 24-hour BP profile and nondipping status. Interestingly, bariatric surgery improved BP variability and may decrease the burden of resistant hypertension associated with obesity. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Cirurgia Bariátrica , Hipertensão , Obesidade/terapiaRESUMO
Bariatric surgery is an effective strategy for blood pressure (BP) reduction, but most of the evidence relies on office BP measurements. In this study, we evaluated the impact of bariatric surgery on 24-hour BP profile, BP variability, and resistant hypertension prevalence. This is a randomized trial including obese patients with grade 1 and 2 using at least 2 antihypertensive drugs at maximal doses or >2 at moderate doses. Patients were allocated to either Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) combined with medical therapy or medical therapy alone for 12 months. The primary outcome was the 24-hour BP profile and variability (average real variability of daytime and night time BP). We evaluated the nondipping status and prevalence of resistant hypertension as secondary end points. We included 100 patients (76% female, body mass index, 36.9±2.7 kg/m2). The 24-hour BP profile (including nondipping status) was similar after 12 months, but the RYGB group required less antihypertensive classes as compared to the medical therapy alone (0 [0-1] versus 3 [2.5-4] classes; P<0.01). The average real variability of systolic nighttime BP was lower after RYGB as compared to medical therapy (between-group difference, -1.63; 95% CI, -2.91 to -0.36; P=0.01). Prevalence of resistant hypertension was similar at baseline (RYGB, 10% versus MT, 16%; P=0.38), but it was significantly lower in the RYGB at 12 months (0% versus 14.9%; P<0.001). In conclusion, RYGB significantly reduced antihypertensive medications while promoting similar 24-hour BP profile and nondipping status. Interestingly, bariatric surgery improved BP variability and may decrease the burden of resistant hypertension associated with obesity. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT01784848.
